In Bronfenbrenner's ecology, which system includes broad cultural values and laws that shape society?

• A. Immediate, face-to-face environments such as family, peers, and classroom
• B. Interconnected settings like neighborhoods and media
• C. Chronologically changing environment
• D. Broad cultural values and laws that shape society

Answer: (D)

This question tests macrosystem—the outermost layer of Bronfenbrenner's ecological model. The macrosystem encompasses broad cultural values, laws, customs, and resources that shape how a society operates and influences all the other levels of a person’s environment. For example, societal norms about parenting, education policies, and legal rights set the context that channels how families, schools, and communities function.

The other described levels refer to closer-in environments: the immediate, face-to-face settings like family and classroom form the microsystem; the interactions among those settings constitute the mesosystem; and the chronosystem captures changes that occur over time. So the option describing broad cultural values and laws aligns with the macrosystem.